Linux Networking Capabilities Essays - Memory Management

Linux Networking Capabilities Linux is a Unix clone written from scratch by Linus Torvalds with assistance from a loosely-knit team of hackers across the Net. It aims towards POSIX compliance. It has all the features expected in a modern fully-fledged Unix, including true multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries, demand loading, shared copy-on-write executables, proper memory management and TCP/IP networking. It runs mainly on 386/486/586-based PCs, using the hardware facilities of the 386-processor family to implement these features. Ports to other architectures are underway. Linux is freely available, and no one is required to register their copies with any central authority, so it is difficult to know how many people use Linux. Several businesses are now surviving solely on selling and supporting Linux, and very few Linux users use those businesses, relatively speaking, and the Linux newsgroups are some of the most heavily read on the internet, so the number is likely in the hundreds of thousands, but hard numbers are hard to come by. Linux Features Multitasking. Several programs running at once. Multiuser. Several users on the same machine at once. Two-user licenses are not possible. Multiplatform. Runs on many different CPUs, not just Intel. Multiprocessor. SMP support is available on the Intel and SPARC platforms (with work currently in progress on other platforms), and Linux is used in several loosely-coupled MP applications, including Beowulf systems and the Fujitsu AP1000+ SPARC-based supercomputer. Runs in protected mode on the 386. Memory protection between processes. So that one program can't bring the whole system down. Demand loads executables. Linux only reads from disk those parts of a program that are actually used. Shared copy-on-write pages among executables. This means that multiple process can use the same memory to run in. When one tries to write to that memory, that page (4KB piece of memory) is copied somewhere else. Copy-on-write has two benefits: increasing speed and decreasing memory use. Virtual memory using paging (not swapping whole processes) to disk. To a separate partition or a file in the filesystem, or both, with the possibility of adding more swapping areas during runtime. A total of 16 of these 128 MB swapping areas can be used at once, for a theoretical total of 2 GB of useable swap space. It is simple to increase this if necessary, by changing a few lines of source code. Unified memory pool for user programs and disk cache. So that all free memory can be used for caching, and the cache can be reduced when running large programs. Dynamically linked shared libraries (DLL's) and static libraries. Does core dumps for post-mortem analysis. Allowing the use of a debugger on a program not only while it is running but also after it has crashed. Mostly compatible with POSIX, System V, and BSD at the source level. Mostly compatible with SCO, SVR3, and SVR4 at the binary level. Through an iBCS2-compliant emulation module. All source code is available. Including the whole kernel and all drivers, the development tools and all user programs; also, all of it is freely distributable. Plenty of commercial programs are being provided for Linux without source, but everything that has been free, including the entire base operating system, is still free. POSIX job control. Pseudoterminals (pty's). 387-emulation in the kernel. So that programs don't need to do their own math emulation. Every computer running Linux appears to have a math coprocessor. Of course, if your computer already contains an FPU, it will be used instead of the emulation, and you can even compile your own kernel with math emulation removed, for a small memory gain. Support for many national or customized keyboards. It is fairly easy to add new ones dynamically. Multiple virtual consoles. Several i Computers and Internet

Sister Emmanuelle- Her Life Essays - Emmanuelle, Free Essays

Sister Emmanuelle- Her Life Essays - Emmanuelle, Free Essays Sister Emmanuelle- Her Life Sister Emmanuelle- Her Life of Accomplishments A: Summary of Sister Emmanuelles Life Sister Emmanuelle was Christened Madeleine Cinquin and was born in Brussels on the 16th of November 1908. She was one of three children to Berthe Lenssens and Jules Cinquin. Madelienes father tragically drowned when she was six during a beach side holiday. She grew up in Belgium, yet during the First World War, her mother moved them to Paris for a year, and then returned to Belgium one year later. She was taught English by a British Governess and excelled in her schoolwork. By the age of twelve, Madeleine wanted to be a nun. She was inspired by Father Damien, a Catholic Priest who helped Leprosy sufferers in Hawaii. After reading about acts of charity, Madeleine Cinquin decided to use all her efforts to helping those who were not as fortunate as she was. She joined the Order of Our Lady of Sion and changed her name to Sister Emmanuelle when she took her vows in 1923. Emmanuelle means God is with us. She taught in convent schools for well off children, but Sister Emmanuelle felt that she should use her teaching skills to educate those less fortunate children, so she discontinued teaching in Turkey and Tunisia and seeked in helping those in Egypt. A Popes representative heard of Sister Emmanuelle wishes and suggested she helped the thousands of refuse collectors known as the zabaleen in Egypt. The zabaleen, which means filth or rubbish, lived on the outskirts of Egypt at a rubbish dump called Ezbet El Nakhl. Ezbet El Nakhl was a dirty place inhabited by refuse collectors who collected the rubbish of Egypt for very little pay and lived in a poor, dirty and unhygienic place where the rubbish of Egypt was stored and sorted. The children were uneducated and had no way of entertaining themselves so they got into trouble. Sister Emmanuelle moved into Ezbet El Nakhl in 1971 and lived in a small one roomed hut with very few possessions. She was 60 years old at the time. She decided to give up her luxuries and live like the many zabaleen friends that she had made. She traveled into the city everyday at 5 oclock in the morning for mass at the city convent. Sister Emmanuelle lived with very little food and had to put up with the many problems that the zabaleen lived with, like white worms in food supplies and housing, fleas and disease. Sister Emmanuelle had not been at Ezbet El Nakhl long when she decided to open a school in her spare room. She accepted any child of any religion who was willing to learn. Sister Emmanuelle took her small class on many field trips to Egypt and for many, it was their first time into Egypt apart from collecting rubbish. She opened a school for men and many showed up to learn the Arabic alphabet. Sister Emmanuelle was desperate for a youth club and center to help the Zabaleen. She set about collecting 15 000 from the local charities and help funds around Europe. She finally achieved this two years later. A kitchen, club, pool, football field and lounge was set up for the youth of the Ezbet El Nakhl. She called it the 'Salam Center,' which is Arabic for peace. It was opened on the 29th of March in 1979 and the center also provides social, medical, cultural and educational help. When Sister Emmanuelle was satisfied with her work at Ezbet El Nakhl, she moved on to Mokkatam; a refuse collectors dump which was in worse condition than Ezbet El Nakhl. Sister Emmanuelle started the work of collecting money from charities to build a factory for composting material, which she finally achieved. Sister Emmanuelles work in the rubbish slums contributed greatly to the progress and living conditions in the refuse collectors lives. Even at 77 years of age, she was still collecting money for the refuse collectors. B. Sister Emmanuelles Christian Motivation In Sister Emanuelle's early life, she was heavily influenced by Christian faith and many Christians were her motivation. Through influential beings, Sister Emmanuelle became a person who was willing to help others and devote her skills for the needs of others. When Sister Emmanuelle was eleven,

Paper analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paper analysis - Coursework Example The theory of human motivation and hierarchy of human needs influences nursing by enhancing an understanding of the individual and environmental factors of patients’ medical conditions. For example, in regards to Maslows’ safety needs, some patients go to hospital seeking to be checked whether they have contracted a bacteria from a person who was coughing or sneezing near them. This can be the fear of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and a nurse can notice it using the knowledge of this theory and decide on how to reassure the patient of his or her safety (George, 2011). The theory of personality development influences nursing by strengthening nurses’ understanding of patient behavior and development. For example, locomotor theory is Erickson’s theory of personality development that can help pediatricians understand the behavior of children especially their desire to control their body functions and the environment. The theory of personality development like that of Sigmund Freud can help nurses understand sources of certain malignancies that can be evident in patients and hence they can enhances response to such patients’ conditions. Persons who are at different stages of personality development view health factors differently and nurses can use this knowledge for example to invite parent’s monitoring in a child’s condition (MacKenna & Slevin, 2008). Communication theory influences nursing by facilitating compassionate patient care through the use of words and behaviors that demonstrate care and concern for patient’s issues. The theory provides nurses with the knowledge of effective communication that they can use to obtain patient information, use it to understand the patient’s condition and give appropriate feedback. The theory can equip nurses with an understanding of the different patterns and attitudes that are an important element in interpersonal relationships. For example nurses can use the knowledge of

Simien National Park - Ethiopia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Simien National Park - Ethiopia - Essay Example At the end of the paper the possible losses, recommendation and conclusion is covered. The Simien National Park is a Natural World Heritage Site. It has been added to the list of World Heritage in Danger in 1996. There were two main reasons of adding this site to the list i.e. heavy settlement and Walia ibex population decline. It is spread over the area of 13,600ha. â€Å"In northern Ethiopia on the Amhara plateau in the western Simen Mountains, 120km north-east of Gondar. Location: 13 ° 11N, 38 ° 04E. The town of Adi Arkay lies to the north, Debark, on the Gondar-Asmara highway, to the south-west and Deresge to the south east.† (The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Website) The park has jagged mountain peaks, deep valleys and precipices. This park has approximately five to ten species of endemism, seasonal Highland biome and four different types of floral vegetation due to geographic variations. The four different floristic vegetations are as follows: Afromontane forest has variety of flora and fauna. The two wet seasons of this park and its typical geographic characteristics adds to the variety of plants and vegetations. Xeromorphic adaptations are common on the high attitudes. Rare species like Walia ibex, Gelada Baboon, Simien wolf and various other species of animals and birds are natural habitants of this park. There are twenty-one species of mammals recorded for this region. Seven species of mammals are listed as endemic species. There are sixty-three species of birds including twelve endemic species. This National Park is not only important for its biodiversity, but also important for its cultural heritage. According to Hurni (1986 as cited on UNEP Website)This region has various features of 18th and 19th centuries. Kirwan (1972 as cited on UNEP Website) claims that cultivators for at least of two thousand years have inhabited Simien region. Population living within the National Park is highly depended on its natural resources.

Criminal minds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal minds - Essay Example In spite of the efforts in this direction crimes continue to exist and it can be concluded that the crimes will continue to exist and this problem can not be solved. In order to solve this problem it becomes necessary that the cause of the crimes or the reason why people commit crimes need to be analysed. Traditionally crime has been considered as associated with two domains by the specialists. The domains are the nature or the environment of the individuals including the family and the peers of the individuals. However it must be noted that these specialists belong to different fields of science as the complexity and dynamics of crime extends to different areas which are difficult to comprehend. When reference is made to the science of criminology automatically reference is made to different branches of science such as psychology, genetics, sociology etc. The main purpose of criminology is to deal with crimes and criminals and solve this social problem. As mentioned earlier the main approaches to deal with the problem of crimes and their resolution are the natural approach and the environmental approach. The environmental approach deals with the circumstances that made an individual to commit a crime and it does not consider the heredity or family background of the criminal. Whereas the natural approach is sure that the nature of the criminal, his or her genes, and heredity are the main reasons that make him/her to commit the crimes. The latest developments in genetics have been fairly successful in substantiating the environmental causes for people committing crimes and this has put away the theories about the heredity and genes being responsible for the crimes which need to be proved scientifically. The theories relating to the presupposition of the heredity and genes are ambiguous and are to be established with a scientific base before they can be taken into account. On the other hand the followers of the environmental approach also can not deny the fact that the heredity and genetic causes play an important role in shaping the character of a person. They also contribute to the committing of the crime by the individuals. It is important that environment in which a person is born and brought up is considered while studying the crimes, as such environmental factors do have a large influence on the formation of the personality of the individual and the shaping of his or her characters. Though this new approach is relatively young and new it is becoming more and more popular and deserves to be analysed thoroughly before any conclusion can be drawn from the approach. According to Wilson and Herrnstein (1985) "criminology is the study of delinquency and crime with the goal of developing a body of knowledge including all the dynamics that surround crime and criminals to assist in their understanding of the phenomenon". Thus the focus of the science of criminology is to evolve a deep understanding of crime, the reasons why people commit crimes and also the nature of the people who commit crimes namely the criminals. It is a fact that it would be difficult to understand the crimes as a social phenomenon in general and all the details of the crime in particular as it affects the society, unless the causes which make the people commit the crimes.

Satisfaction And Service Quality In Uk Budget Hotels Tourism Essay

Satisfaction And Service Quality In Uk Budget Hotels Tourism Essay The outline for the research is presented here. It includes Introduction to the topic and of the company. This is followed by Literature Review. Next comes methodology of research and then Analysis and Results. These are followed by Discussion and Recommendation. Finally the Conclusion and its contents are given. The budget hotels or low-cost hotels are in great demand today. This is because currently the world is facing the worst economic recession in decades, which has reduced the ability of people to spend on non-essential products and services like holidays. Also there have been huge cuts in the travel budgets of many firms as a result of which more and more companies are using budget hotels for business travel. Another key target market for budget hotels are the backpackers who stay in either youth hostels or budget hotels. This sentiment has been echoed by the author Fiorentino (1995) stating that budget hotels especially thrive in the recessionary environment. The author has further gone to say that, the budget hotel is not only a booming short-term phenomenon, but a major strategic development in the international hospitality industry that represents the introduction of the no-frills, purpose-designed and branded product concept in hospitality. However the quality of service and the level of satisfaction in such types of accommodation has been an area of interest for academics and hotel managers for a long time. But it is especially important in the current economic scenario and presents a great opportunity to study these. Background The concept of budget hotels originated in America but it is widely used in the developed world including the UK and many successful chains of such hotels are thriving today. Prominent amongst them are Travelodge and Premier Inn. With the exponential usage of the internet in the serach and booking of accommodation there has been an explosion of websites that offer value for money or budget accommodation and this is causing strong demand for such accommodations. Aims and Objectives The aim of this study would be explore the significance of the service quality and satisfaction in the budget hotels operating in the UK. The principal aim of this research will be met by following objectives: To identify factors affecting service quality in UK budget hotels; To explore the consumers perceptions of service quality in UK budget hotels; To explore the consumers expectations for service quality in UK budget hotels; To report the gap between the perceptions and expectations for service quality in UK budget hotels; To study the factors affecting the customer satisfaction in the budget hotels Literature Review Importance of Service Quality The effectiveness and importance of the service quality according to the academics and marketing experts will be researched and written Importance of Customer Satisfaction The effectiveness and importance of the service quality according to the academics and marketing experts will be researched and written Service Quality in Hospitality Industry The quality of service is a much researched subject in the hospitality arena. According to the authors Benà ­tez, Martà ­n and Romà ¡n (2007), Hotels provide an ample range of services to customers, including lodging services, reception, meals, room service, among others. Service quality can be regarded as a composite measure of various attributes. It not only consists of tangible attributes but also intangible/subjective attributes such as safety, quietness, which are difficult to measure accurately and usually studied throughout linguistic information. Thus details and expert views on what constitutes service quality will be researched here. Measurement of service Quality SERVQUAL instrument by Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry is the most popular one used in the measurement of quality of service today in the hospitality industry. This is the one which will be used here as well for the measurement of service quality Measurement of customer satisfaction The ways of measuring customer satisfaction are varied from periodic surveys to continuous ones. The best and most popular methods will be studied here. Methodology of Research To assess the service quality and customer satisfaction levels in the firm chosen a number of factors will have to be studied. Both primary and secondary data will be used to understand this. A budget hotel chain in the UK will be chosen and firstly secondary data will be gathered on that organisation to understand its marketing strategies and the overall strategic direction the firm has undertaken. Then a questionnaire will be developed for the survey that will be carried out to gather primary data on that organisation and its customers. Rationale for Research There has been tremendous increase in the number of budget accommodations in the UK and surge in demand created increase in the supply with lots of new budget hotels creeping up in the pre-recession growth years. This led the hotels to compete on prices and service quality was side-lined but the view today is changing and the hotels are feeling that there is a need to focus on the customer satisfaction and quality of service being offered in the budget hotels to gain a sustainable competitive advantage amongst the increase in the competition. However, globally the hotel sector is experiencing the decline in service quality and consumers satisfaction. Decline is perceived by the consumer, because in 1990s consumers expectations were raised to the standard that hotels couldnt sustain and exceed (Briggs, Sutherland, Drummond, 2007:1009). Similar pattern has also been noticed in relation to the budget hotels where, constant updates of tangible and intangible aspects in budged hotels resu lted to development of upper budget hotel type, with the provision of full-service three star hotel facilities (Fiorentino, 1995: 457). There has been a lot of research in the field of service quality and customer satisfaction in the hospitality sector but there is very little such research done in the budget hotel segment which is one of the fastest growing segments in the hospitality industry today. Hence this research attempts to study and evaluate the factors that affect customer satisfaction and service quality. Selection of Research Methodology Secondary data will be used to meet the research objectives. A range of academic journals and other literature will be used to understand the already published experts views and data on the subject. As author Churchill (2001) suggested the data to be collected for this research will be decided on the different aspect of the research and their importance and relevance to this study. Questionnaire Design A structured questionnaire will be designed for the purpose of this study. It will have questions relating to the customer satisfaction and service quality regarding the chosen hotel. The service quality will be based on SERVQUAL elements of Tangibles, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance and Empathy. The SERVQUAL is the most popular and commonly used tool for measuring the quality of service in the hospitality sector. The questionnaire will also include question on customer satisfaction. Analysis and Results The data gathered from the survey will be analysed to gain insight into the results and to find the levels of satisfaction and the quality of service offered by the company. The results will be given in both tabulated form as well. Discussion and Recommendation This chapter will discuss the results found and the insight generated by the analysis. It will then give the recommendations for managers Conclusion: This will list the findings of the study and the recommendations for the future studies as well as the limitations of this study

Auroville :: Philosophy Essays

Auroville The question often comes up, what environment would allow us to easily embody our beliefs and lead a life free of hypocrisy. Communities are an excellent, even if not the only solution. The gathering of diverse people based on a similarity in their aspirations and interests forms a whole that is greater than the sum of the parts. One of the most successful attempts at forming such a community is Auroville, located in southern India. Auroville came into existence in 1968 and, at that time, comprised largely of the followers of the Mother. The Mother was a French disciple of the Indian philosopher Sri Aurobindo who became a spiritual leader in her own right. The Mother wanted Auroville to be a city of human unity and international understanding and she formed the Auroville Charter: 1. Auroville belongs to nobody in particular. Auroville belongs to humanity as a whole. But to live in Auroville one must be a willing servitor of the Divine Consciousness. 2. Auroville will be the place of an unending education, of constant progress, and a youth that never ages. 3. Auroville wants to be the bridge between the past and the future. Taking advantage of all discoveries from without and from within, Auroville will boldly spring toward future realizations. 4. Auroville will be a site of material and spiritual researches for a living embodiment of an actual Human Unity. Although the Mother’s Charter is almost exclusively spiritual in its content, almost from the very beginning the citizens of Auroville added a strong earth-care focus to the founding ideals of the community. Today, Auroville has grown into a community of almost 2000 people from nearly 30 different countries. The main township consists of four zones at the center – the industrial, cultural, residential and the international. This is surrounded by an afforested green belt. The town is divided into about 80 ‘sub-communities’ of various sizes, separated by village and temple lands. The citizens of Auroville are encouraged to take part in any activity that is in accordance with the community’s ideals. This does include profit-making business as well. The activities of the people include afforestation, organic agriculture, educational research, health care, village development, renewable energy, town planning and cultural services. The township now organically grows about 40% of its food and generates 35% of its own electrical and thermal energy.